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Archive for April, 2009

The Economist On Working Memory and Poverty

April 23rd, 2009 Brian Rogers No comments

The Economist magazine, a couple of weeks ago, in an article headlined, “I am just a poor boy though my story’s seldom told” made reference to a study about the relationship between poverty and problems with working memory. You can see the complete text of the article on The Economist online.

Since I read the piece, there has been a fair amount of reaction on blogs and website registering some alarm that once again the poor are being singled out and blamed for their condition and pointing out many other factors that could affect memory. The notion behind some of this negative response (other than confusing memory with working memory) is that these kids with poor working memory are stuck with it.

I believe these people have missed the point. This blog has made the point numerous times that neuroplasticity is the most important discovery in neuroscience in the last century and anyone who reads this blog already knows that working memory can be improved with training. More importantly, if you improve working memory, you increase the opportunities for these children to lift themselves from the stressful environment of poverty.

Conversely, on the Globe and Mail’s website, Dr. Stephen Hwang, from the Centre for Research on Inner City Health at Toronto’s St. Michael’s Hospital, says the study demonstrates the biological consequences of poverty. “It shows the importance of addressing this issue early on,” he said. “How can we give children a better start to life? By reducing their stress we will improve their working memories.”

Looking beyond the simple findings of this study the fact that this condition can be changed has to be good news…

Worry About Alzheimers

April 20th, 2009 Brian Rogers No comments

I had occasion to have lunch yesterday with a friend of a friend, who it turned out, has a tremendous fear of developing Alzheimer’s Disease. I was able to share with her some finings that I had recently come across from what is now simply called the nuns study and although results were published a few years ago there was one major finding that I thought might be reassuring. There was a correlation between what the researchers referred to as the presence of grammatical complexity and idea density in the nuns autobiographies (submitted when they applied to join the order) and the subsequent development of Alzheimer’s symptoms. An even more interesting finding arose from the autopsies performed by the researchers after the nuns had passed away. There were nuns who had the physical aspects of the disease, in other words the presence of plague and damaged areas of their brains, but they had no apparent symptoms. I already know that one aspect of neuroplasticity is the ability of the brain to retrain healthy areas to replace functions lost from other damaged areas of the brain. It wasn’t stated in the article I read in Time magazine that this is what had happened with these nuns but I find that even the possibility that I could retain cognitive functioning in spite of the fact that my brain might be damaged by Alzheimer’s to be enormously reassuring. The friend-of-a-friend I met yesterday did not seem as reassured but I thought I did detect a faint glimmer of hope in her eyes…

Quick Note On New Research About Working Memory

April 12th, 2009 Brian Rogers No comments

I just came across a study completed by a team at the Karolinska Institutet that mapped working memory. The study team used a mathematical activity model running on a computer and discovered a mechanism in the brain that restricts the number of items that can normally be stored in working memory at any one time to seven. The study is summarized at a website called News-Medical.net

I recently had a phone conversation with Barbara Czenge, who heads up the Learning Center at St. Michael’s College School here in Toronto. St. Mike’s is a private Catholic school that is know for two things. It has very high academic standards and it produces an inordinate amount really good hockey players. Ms. Czenge mentioned in the course of the interview how she describes working memory function to students at the Center. She compares it to counter space in a kitchen. For example, if the task were to make a peanut butter and jelly sandwich and you begin by placing all the ingredients and utensils you will need on the counter. If the counter is large enough you may be able to place all the necessary items on the counter and begin to assemble the sandwich. This would include bread, a bread knife if the bread is not sliced already, a jar of peanut butter and one of jelly, a plate of butter, a plate to put the sandwich on and a spreading knife. Some of us, however, have small counters on which there is not enough room to place all the ingredients. You can still make a sandwich but you won’t be able to work with all the necessary items on the counter at the same time. So you will have to break the task of making the sandwich down into smaller discrete tasks and move some ingredients off the counter when you are through with them and replace them on the counter with new ingredients you will need for the next round. I’m no genius in the kitchen but it would seem to me that there are two important conclusions to draw from this analogy. In both cases the task of making a peanut butter and jelly sandwich gets done. Working on a small counter means the task might take longer and it might be slightly more complicated but it can still be accomplished. I may be blessed with a large amount of counter space in my kitchen but my working memory is not so blessed. I think sometimes, when faced with a task such as making a sandwich or, more practically composing a blog for this site, I tend to look at the whole task and get overwhelmed instead of just thinking about what I can deal with in the limited space of my working memory. All this planning has made me hungry…for a peanut butter and jelly sandwich strangely enough…

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy And Neuroplasticity

April 5th, 2009 Brian Rogers No comments

About five years ago I was diagnosed with social anxiety. I already knew from my reading that ADHD almost always comes with coexisting disorders known as co-morbitities and I was pretty sure I had it from reading the symptoms. So it was no great surprise, but now it was confirmed. I also knew that social anxiety does not equate to shyness neither in the intensity nor in the range of fears. Social Anxiety is usually described as fear of scrutiny and, in my case at least, scrutiny resulting in judgment. I have no fear of public speaking. Well maybe a little, as in the old adage, “If you ain’t scared, you ain’t paying attention.” Mine comes into play around the telephone and with authority figures. I also have trouble in social situations where I don’t know people. I would rather rather walk a plank over a pool of sharks than step into a room full of people. In a lot of ways social anxiety had caused more damage in my life than ADHD and following the diagnosis there was another period of adjustment to that fact. Not long after though, I had the opportunity to participate in group therapy employing Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH). We met once a week over some two months or so. An early impression of my fellow participants was that they were all articulate, intelligent and if you met them under favorable social conditions you would never guess they had any kind of anxiety. I found the application of CBT somewhat strenuous mentally, although the one time outside the group that I did apply the mechanisms I was taught, I had quite positive results. But it was difficult and I came to the conclusion that if I had been in my twenties, I would have made the effort but at the age I was I wasn’t sure that the benefits equated to the effort of doing it and in my mind that effort was substantial and I couldn’t imagine having to go through it in every social encounter in which I would experience anxiety. However, I came across some research about what happens in the brain with CBT and realize now that I had missed an important aspect of the training. I discovered that it wasn’t just tricking my brain out of the fears. I was actually changing the structure of my brain. In other words, I would not have to go through the CBT process forever, every time I was faced with a social anxiety trigger. Eventually, I just wouldn’t react to the triggers at all because the structure of my brain would have been changed. I think I still have the worksheets I was given in those CBT sessions. I’m going to look for them now…